Nucleon 3D intrinsic spin structure from the weak-neutral axial-vector form factors

Abstract

Relativistic 3D weak-neutral axial-vector four-current and spin distributions inside a nucleon (or a general spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ hadron) including three weak-neutral axial-vector form factors are investigated for the first time. We clarify that the relativistic 3D axial charge distribution in the Breit frame is completely described by the induced pseudotensor form factor $G_T^Z(Q^2)$ rather than by the axial form factor $G_A^Z(Q^2)$. We demonstrate that the quantity $R_A\equiv \sqrt{\frac{-6}{G_A^Z(0)}\frac{\text{d}{G}_A^Z(Q^2)}{\text{d}{Q}^2}{|}_{Q^2=0}}$ can not be interpreted as the physically meaningful 3D root-mean-square axial radius of a spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ hadron. The genuine 3D root-mean-square axial radius in fact does not exist for any spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ hadron. We also show that the relativistic 3D weak-neutral spin radius $r_{\text{spin}}=\sqrt{⟨r_{\text{spin}}^2⟩}$, defined as $⟨r_{\text{spin}}^2⟩\equiv R_A^2+\frac{1}{4M^2}\left[1+\frac{2G_P^Z(0)}{G_A^Z(0)}\right]$ based on the relativistic and intrinsic 3D weak-neutral spin distribution in the Breit frame, is a physically meaningful radius that can be unambiguously defined for the nucleon. This provides an additional key motivation for the further determination of the induced pseudoscalar form factor $G_P^Z(Q^2)$, e.g. via lattice QCD or model calculations. Numerically, we find that $R_A\approx 0.6510\text{fm}$ and $r_{\text{spin}}\approx 2.1054\text{fm}$. For future experimental measurements of $G_A^Z(Q^2)$ and $G_T^Z(Q^2)$, we also derive the full tree-level unpolarized differential cross sections for neutrino-proton and antineutrino-proton elastic scattering in the lab frame, in hoping to provide a complementary and new perspective to unveil the nucleon spin structure by using (anti)neutrino-based facilities.

arXiv comment6 pages, 1 figure; appear in PoS SPIN2025 (2026) 099; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.517.0099