Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model driven by sequences of two unitaries: periodic, quasiperiodic, aperiodic, and random protocols

Abstract

We study the effect of driving the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model using two unitary operators $U_1$ and $U_2$ in different combinations; the unitaries differ in the values of the inter-cell hopping amplitudes. Specifically, we study the cases where the unitaries are applied periodically, quasiperiodically, aperiodically and randomly. For a periodic protocol, when $U_1=e^{-i{H}_{1}T/2}$ and $U_2=e^{-i{H}_{2}T/2}$ are applied alternately, we find that end modes may appear, but the number of end modes does not always agree with the winding number which is a $Z$-valued topological invariant. We then study the Loschmidt amplitude ($LA$) starting with a initial state which is an end mode of $H_1$. We find that the $LA$ exhibits pronounced oscillations whose Fourier transform has a peak at a frequency which is equal to the quasienergy of an end mode of $U$. Next, when $U_1$ and $U_2$ are applied in a quasiperiodic or aperiodic way (we consider the Fibonacci and Thue-Morse protocols as examples), we study the Loschmidt echo ($LE$) starting with an initial state which is an end mode of the Hamiltonian $H_1$. When the inter-cell hoppings differ by a small amount denoted by $\hat{I}\mu$, and the time period $T$ of each unitary is also small, the distance between the unitaries is found to be proportional to $\hat{I}\mu T$. We then find that the $LE$ oscillates around a particular value for a very long time before decaying to zero. The deviation of the value of the $LE$ from 1 scales as $\hat{I}{\mu }^2$ for a fixed value of $T$, while the time after which the $LE$ starts decaying to zero has an interesting dependence on $\hat{I}\mu$ and $T$. Finally, when $U_1$ and $U_2$ are applied in a random order, the $LE$ rapidly decays to zero with increasing time. We have presented a qualitative understanding of the above results.

17 pages, 18 figures; made extensive changes and added several references; this agrees with the published version