First measurement of the energy and Mandelstam-$t$ dependence of both coherent and incoherent $J/\psi$ photonuclear production

Abstract

A new phenomenon, gluon saturation, is expected to emerge in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high energies, when gluon splitting and recombination processes reach a dynamic equilibrium. In heavy nuclei, this balance is expected to be achieved at lower energies than in protons, making lead-lead collisions at the LHC an ideal environment to probe the onset of saturation. The diffractive photoproduction of the $J/\psi$ vector meson provides an excellent tool to study this regime since it directly probes the gluon distribution in the target. ALICE offers unique kinematic coverage of the photon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy, spanning from 20 to 800 GeV, corresponding to three orders of magnitude in Bjorken-$x$ from about $10^{-2}$ down to $10^{-5}$. This contribution presents the latest ALICE results on the energy dependence of coherent $J/\psi$ production, which is sensitive to the average gluon density, and on the energy and Mandelstam-$t$ dependence of incoherent production, which probes fluctuations of the gluon field at different spatial scales. These measurements provide unprecedented constraints on models of QCD in the high-energy limit and mark a milestone in studying the gluonic structure of nuclei.

7 pages, 3 figures. Proceedings of The second international workshop on the physics of Ultra Peripheral Collisions (UPC2025)