paper

A Comprehensive Regime Diagram of Dynamical Modes of Triple Flickering Buoyant Diffusion Flames: Experimental and Model Investigations

arXiv:2511.08014 · doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2026.115013

Abstract

The triple-flame system serves as the fundamental unit for understanding multi-flame interactions, revealing critical coupling mechanisms that scale to complex burner arrays. In this study, we investigated triple flame oscillators, consisting of three flickering laminar buoyant diffusion flames arranged in an isosceles triangular configuration, to construct a comparative regime diagram of dynamical modes. To overcome the limited experimental observability caused by the discretization of geometric parameters, we enabled continuous motion of the vertex flame at a controlled speed V, while independently varying the base length L and the fuel flow rate Q. We conducted a systematic investigation of the triple flame coupling behaviors by varying the triangle size, fuel flow rate, and vertex flame movement velocity. Based on the experimental observations, a comprehensive regime diagram was established to classify the dynamical modes of triple flickering buoyant diffusion flames. Notably, three previously unreported dynamical modes were identified for the first time. To interpret these complex flame interactions, a Stuart-Landau oscillator model with time-delay coupling was employed, which successfully reproduces the experimentally observed dynamical modes. Experimentally observed dynamical modes reveal a bifurcation diagram for the coupled triple Stuart-Landau system, elucidating the transitions between different synchronization modes.

28 pages, 13 figures

References in corpus (7)