Direct multi-model dark-matter search with gravitational-wave interferometers using data from the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run

Abstract

We search data from the first part of the fourth observing run of LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA for three kinds of dark matter -- dilatons (spin-0), dark photons (spin-1) and tensor bosons (spin-2) -- using three independent methods, each extended to find all three candidates. Each candidate can interact with different standard-model particles in the instruments, causing unique differential strains. We find no evidence for a signal and place the most stringent limits to date on their couplings to the interferometers. For scalars with masses $[4\times 10^{-14},1.5\times 10^{-13}]$ eV coupling to photons or electrons, our constraints improve upon those from the third observing run by an order of magnitude, reaching $\sim 10^{-20},{\text{GeV}}^{-1}$. For vectors with masses $[7\times 10^{-13},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV coupling to baryons, our constraints supersede those from MICROSCOPE and Eot-Wash by one to two orders of magnitude, reaching $\sim 5\times 10^{-24}$ at $\sim 10^{-12}$ eV. For tensors with masses $[4\times 10^{-14},8.47\times 10^{-12}]$ eV coupling via a Yukawa interaction, we obtain the first constraints from gravitational-wave interferometers, surpassing fifth-force experiments by four to five orders of magnitude and reaching $\sim 8\times 10^{-9}$ at $\sim 2\times 10^{-13}$ eV. Each method has substantially different sensitivity to each candidate, highlighting the importance of a multi-method approach to search for new physics. Our results demonstrate that gravitational-wave interferometers can simultaneously probe multiple ultralight dark-matter models and place unprecedented constraints on tensor fields arising in a broad range of modified-gravity theories.

9 pages, 1 figure (+1 figure in appendix)