Thermodynamic topology of black holes and an invariant of spacetime

Abstract

We present a formalism for exploring the thermodynamic topology of black holes, without introducing the auxiliary variable $\Theta \in [0,\pi ]$ employed in previous studies. The formalism is based on an off-shell grand free energy appropriate to thermodynamic systems that can exchange both energy and matter with their environment, thereby allowing thermal and chemical equilibrium. We define a vector field as the gradient of the off-shell grand free energy, whose zeros correspond to equilibrium configurations and hence to black hole solutions, and then we construct a conserved topological tensor from its normalized components. The associated topological flux is given by the sum of local topological indices of all zeros contained within a hypersurface at fixed ensemble parameters. We further define the asymptotic topological flux as the limiting value of the conserved topological flux through a family of finite hypersurfaces as they approach the asymptotic boundary of the ensemble parameter space. We find that the asymptotic topological flux is determined by the asymptotic/background spacetime geometry. This motivates the conjecture that the asymptotic topological flux is an invariant associated with the asymptotic/background spacetime geometry. Within the spacetime classification based on the asymptotic topological flux, the flat-space limit of AdS is found to be nontrivial, providing a potentially complementary perspective on the AdS distance conjecture.

24 pages, 5 figures, and 2 tables; v2: major modifications, the physical interpretation of the proposed topological construction clarified, section 4 rewritten to explain more rigorously the asymptotic topological flux as an invariant of spacetime, an appendix on the mathematical origin of the topological tensor added, figures and references added