Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization

Abstract

The `near-far' approach to studying reionization leverages the star formation histories of the Milky Way (MW) or Local Group (LG) galaxies, derived from resolved photometry, to infer the low-mass/faint-end of the stellar mass functions (SMFs) or the ultraviolet luminosity functions (UVLFs) of high-redshift galaxies ($z\gtrsim 6$), beyond the current JWST detection limits ($M_{\mathrm{UV}}\gtrsim -15$). Previous works considered only intact low-mass galaxies in the MW and LG, neglecting disrupted galaxies such as stellar streams and phase-mixed objects. Using the FIRE-2 simulations, we show that these disrupted galaxies contribute up to $\sim 50\%$ of the total stellar mass budget of the proto-MW/LG at $z=6-9$. Including all the progenitors of these disrupted galaxies improves the normalization of the recovered SMFs/UVLFs by factors of $\sim 2-3$ and reduces the halo-to-halo variation in the slope by $\sim 20-40\%$. This enables robust constraints down to at least the resolution limit of the simulations, near $M_{\star }$ $\sim$ $10^5$ $M_{\odot }$ or $M_{\mathrm{UV}}\sim -10$ at $z\gtrsim 6$. We also show that `fossil record' reconstructions - which assume each present-day system descends from a single reionization-era progenitor - are sensitive to the stellar mass/UV magnitude thresholds, which introduces bias in the inferred low-mass/faint-end slopes. Additionally, we demonstrate that neglecting disrupted systems underestimates the contribution of galaxies with $M_{\mathrm{UV}}\lesssim -15$ to the reionization-era UV luminosity density. Finally, we estimate that a significant fraction ($\sim 50\%$) of streams with $M_{\star }$ $\gtrsim$ $10^6$ $M_{\odot }$ at $z=0$ should be detectable from upcoming Rubin Observatory and Roman Space Telescope observations.

38 pages, 18 figures, 3 tables, published in The Astrophysical Journal