Simplified Quantum Weight Reduction with Optimal Bounds

Abstract

Quantum weight reduction is the task of transforming a quantum code with large check weight into one with small check weight. This problem is important in practice, since low-weight measurements are necessary for reliable implementations of quantum error correction on physical hardware. It is also important theoretically, as it can be used to construct constant-locality versions of quantum locally testable codes, which may be relevant to the quantum PCP conjecture. We give a streamlined geometric procedure for quantum weight reduction based entirely on coning and treating X and Z checks symmetrically, which simplifies Hastings' previous approach. In particular, given an arbitrary $[[n,k,d]]$ quantum code with weight $w$, our method produces a code with parameters $[[O(n{w}^2\log w),k,\Omega (dw)]]$, check weight $5$, and qubit weight $6$; these bounds are optimal or close to optimal within the current geometric framework. Applied to random dense CSS codes, our procedure yields explicit quantum codes surpassing the square-root distance barrier, with parameters $[[n,\tilde{\Omega }(n^{1/3}),\tilde{\Omega }(n^{2/3})]]$. These codes also admit a three-dimensional embedding that saturates the Bravyi-Poulin-Terhal (BPT) bound, recovering the layer-code result. Our weight reduction technique also improves fault-tolerant logical-operator measurements by reducing the required number of ancilla qubits.

arXiv comment49 pages, 28 figures; Improved exposition from the first version, fixed errors in gadget construction and provided lower bounds for weights