Hidden Subsurface Oxygen Asymmetry Stabilizes Polaron Beneath the Polar CeO2(100) Surface

Abstract

Polar oxide surfaces often reconstruct to compensate their intrinsic electrostatic instability, yet identifying the atomic-scale structural motifs that govern such reconstructions and their coupling with localized electronic states remains challenging because oxygen configurations are difficult to resolve. Here, we show that a hidden asymmetric arrangement of subsurface oxygen atoms is intimately coupled with the reconstruction of the polar CeO2(100) surface and the formation of subsurface small polarons. Global structure search and deep potential molecular dynamics identify a previously unknown asymmetric (1*2) reconstruction, where subsurface oxygen asymmetry creates anisotropic Ce-O coordination environments and elongated Ce-O bonds, stabilizing localized Ce3+ small polarons beneath the surface. Enabled by oxygen-sensitive integrated differential phase contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (iDPC-STEM), we directly visualize the predicted asymmetric subsurface oxygen configuration, while high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) STEM resolves the accompanying asymmetric cerium arrangement and expanded interlayer spacing. These findings establish hidden subsurface oxygen asymmetry as a key structural motif coupling oxygen rearrangement, lattice reconstruction, and polaron localization, revealing a coupled oxygen-lattice-electron mechanism governing the evolution of polar oxide surfaces.

arXiv comment29 pages, 5 main figures and 6 supplementary figures