Spiking control systems for soft robotics: a rhythmic case study in a soft robotic crawler

Abstract

Inspired by spiking neural feedback, we propose a spiking controller to engineer the locomotion of a soft robotic crawler. Its bistability, akin to neural fast positive feedback, combined with a sensorimotor slow negative feedback loop, generates rhythmic spiking and self-sustained peristaltic locomotion. We analytically characterize the local equilibrium bifurcations induced by the sensorimotor gain and complement this analysis through numerical continuation of periodic orbits. The resulting bifurcation diagram reveals the emergence of qualitatively distinct solutions, including resting and crawling behaviors. For a representative regime with separated mechanical and electrical timescales, Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory reveals the geometry of the relaxation oscillations leading to endogenous crawling. Within this singularly perturbed regime, we formulate and analytically solve an optimization problem, proving that locomotion speed is maximized at mechanical resonance through a matching of neuromechanical scales. Given the importance and ubiquity of rhythms and waves in soft-bodied locomotion, we envision that spiking control systems could be utilized in a variety of soft-robotic morphologies and modular distributed architectures.

Added the new Fig. 2; corrected minor algebraic errors