Thermodynamically Consistent Coarse-graining: from Interacting Particles to Fields via Second Quantization

Abstract

We systematically derive an exact coarse-grained description for interacting particles with thermodynamically consistent stochastic dynamics, applicable across different observation scales, the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. We implement the coarse-graining procedure using the Doi--Peliti field theory, which preserves microscopic noise effects on the mesoscopic/macroscopic scale. The exact mapping reveals the key role played by the Poissonian particle occupancy statistics. We show the implications of the exact coarse-graining method using a prototypical flocking model, namely the active Ising model, which exhibits a mismatch between the microscopic and macroscopic mean-field coarse-grained descriptions. Our analysis shows that the high- and low-density regimes are governed by two different coarse-grained equations. In the low-density regime, noise effects play a prominent role, leading to a first-order phase transition. In contrast, a second-order phase transition occurs in the high-density regime. Due to the exact coarse-graining method, our work also opens up the applicability to systematically analyze noise-induced phase transitions in other models of reciprocally and non-reciprocally interacting particles.