Invariant Densities on Cylinders with an Interface: Existence, Uniqueness, and Exponential Asymptotics

Abstract

We study the stationary double-divergence equation on the infinite cylinder $\mathbb{R}\times {\mathbb{T}}^{d-1}$, whose coefficients coincide with two possibly different periodic media outside a bounded interface layer. Under the centering conditions for the two periodic media, we construct a positive invariant density that converges exponentially in $C^1$ at each end to a positive multiple of the corresponding periodic invariant density. Every bounded distributional solution is a scalar multiple of this density. The two asymptotic amplitudes are determined by the full interface problem, up to a common normalization. Motivated by the invariant-measure analysis of Hairer and Manson [Ann. Probab. 39(2011) 648-682], our proof uses only PDE methods: a transformation based on the periodic invariant densities, adjoint Neumann problems on finite cylinders, and energy estimates.

arXiv commentSubstantially revised version. The assumption $b_1=0$ has been removed, and the homogenization applications have been omitted. The title has been changed to reflect the focus on existence, uniqueness, and exponential asymptotics for stationary double-divergence equations on cylinders with an interface