The Janus State: A Universal Lower Bound for Second-Order Coherence

Abstract

A single-mode squeezed vacuum is a foundational quantum state that, despite its nonclassical nature, exhibits classical-like, super-Poissonian photon statistics. This feature motivates a ``quantum-of-quantum'' inquiry: can the superposition of two such states generate the opposite behavior -- strongly sub-Poissonian light? We demonstrate that the ``Janus state,'' a coherent superposition of two squeezed vacua with opposing orientations, achieves precisely this. Our exact analytic solution reveals a universal lower bound on second-order coherence, showing that $g^{(2)}$ cannot be driven below 1/2. The mechanism is tuned interference that suppresses two-photon events. Beyond this asymptotic bound, we identify a practical minimum of $g^{(2)}\approx 0.567$ at moderate squeezing, defining an accessible ``sweet spot.'' While requiring a minimal non-Gaussian element for its creation, the Janus state establishes a definitive performance limit for engineering sub-Poissonian photon statistics from Gaussian resources, with a clear path toward quantum applications.

4 pages, 7 figures, and Supplementary. V2: Introducing Janus state. V3: Finding the new minimum, adding a fig. V4: Published version with SI

References in corpus (1)

• Detection of 15 dB Squeezed States of Light and their Application for the Absolute Calibration of Photoelectric Quantum Efficiency