Uniform treatments of Bernoulli numbers, Stirling numbers, and their generating functions

Abstract

In this paper, by virtue of a determinantal formula for derivatives of the ratio between two differentiable functions, in view of the Faà di Bruno formula, and with the help of several identities and closed-form formulas for the partial Bell polynomials $B_{n,k}$, the author establishes thirteen Maclaurin series expansions of the functions \begin{align*} &\ln\frac{\operatorname{e}^x+1}{2}, && \ln\frac{\operatorname{e}^x-1}{x}, && \ln\cosh x, \\ &\ln\frac{\sinh x}{x}, && \biggl[\frac{\ln(1+x)}{x}\biggr]^r, && \biggl(\frac{\operatorname{e}^x-1}{x}\biggr)^r \end{align*} for $r=\pm \frac{1}{2}$ and $r\in \mathbb{R}$ in terms of the Dirichlet eta function $\eta (1-2k)$, the Riemann zeta function $\zeta (1-2k)$, and the Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds $s(n,k)$ and $S(n,k)$. presents four determinantal expressions and three recursive relations for the Bernoulli numbers $B_{2n}$. finds out three closed-form formulas for the Bernoulli numbers $B_{2n}$ and the generalized Bernoulli numbers $B_n^{(r)}$ in terms of the Stirling numbers of the second kind $S(n,k)$, and deduce two combinatorial identities for the Stirling numbers of the second kind $S(n,k)$. acquires two combinatorial identities, which can be regarded as diagonal recursive relations, involving the Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds $s(n,k)$ and $S(n,k)$. recovers an integral representation and a closed-form formula, and establish an alternative explicit and closed-form formula, for the Bernoulli numbers of the second kind $b_n$ in terms of the Stirling numbers of the first kind $s(n,k)$. obtains three identities connecting the Stirling numbers of the first and second kinds $s(n,k)$ and $S(n,k)$.

22 pages