Exploring Graphs with Distinct $M$-Eigenvalues: Product Operation, Wronskian Vertices, and Controllability

Abstract

Let ${\mathcal{G}}^M$ denote the set of connected graphs with distinct $M$-eigenvalues. This paper explores the $M$-spectrum and eigenvectors of a new product $G{\circ }_{C}H$ of graphs $G$ and $H$. We present the necessary and sufficient condition for $G{\circ }_{C}H$ to have distinct $M$-eigenvalues. Specifically, for the rooted product $G\circ H$, we present a more concise and precise condition. A key concept, the $M$-Wronskian vertex, which plays a crucial role in determining graph properties related to separability and construction of specific graph families, is investigated. We propose a novel method for constructing infinite pairs of non-isomorphic $M$-cospectral graphs in ${\mathcal{G}}^M$ by leveraging the structural properties of the $M$-Wronskian vertex. Moreover, the necessary and sufficient condition for $G\circ H$ to be $M$-controllable is given.