Two portals to GeV sterile neutrinos : dipole versus mixing

Abstract

Massive sterile neutrinos, also known as heavy neutral leptons, can have a mixing with active neutrinos, $\hat{I}¸$, as well as a dipole coupling to the photon, $d$. We study the interplay between these two portals, considering the production from meson decays of sterile neutrinos with mass $0.1$ GeV $\lesssim M_N\lesssim 10$ GeV, at beam-dump facilities such as NA62 and SHiP, and at the FASER2 experiment. These sterile neutrinos can be long-lived and decay into a photon in a distant detector, via the dipole operator. We find that all these experiments will be sensitive to values of $d$ which are presently unconstrained. The experimental reach varies strongly with the mass $M_N$ and the mixing $\hat{I}¸$, and one observes specific correlations with the flavour of active neutrinos. The SHiP experiment will mark a jump in sensitivity: (i) it will probe a sterile dipole as small as $d\sim 10^{-8}$ GeV${}^{-1}$, thus testing new physics well above the electroweak scale; (ii) it may detect the active-sterile dipole to the level predicted by electroweak loops, if $\hat{I}¸$ is close to the present bound.

26 pages + appendices, 6 figures. v2: the contribution of electroweak loops to the neutrino dipole is added, and it turns out to be within the reach of SHiP; v3: details added on the experiments geometry and analysis; v4: comments added on the mono-photon background