paper

Equivalence between the zero distributions of the Riemann zeta function and a two-dimensional Ising model with randomly distributed competing interactions

arXiv:2411.16777 · doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2026.131910

Abstract

In this work, we prove the equivalence between the zero distributions of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) and a two-dimensional (2D) Ising model with a mixture of ferromagnetic and randomly distributed competing interactions. At first, we review briefly the characteristics of the Riemann hypothesis and its connections to physics, in particular, to statistical physics. Second, we build a 2D Ising model, M_(FI+SGI)^2D, in which interactions between the nearest neighboring spins are ferromagnetic along one crystallographic direction while competing ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic interactions are randomly distributed along another direction. Third, we prove that all energy eigenvalues of this 2D Ising model M_(FI+SGI)^2D are real and randomly distributed as the Möbius function μ(n), the Dirichlet L(s,\c{hi}_k ) function as well as the Riemann zeta function ζ(s). Fourth, we prove that the eigenvectors of the 2D Ising model M_(FI+SGI)^2D are constructed by the eigenvectors of the 1D Ising model with phases related to the Riemann zeta function ζ(s), via the relation ω(γ_2j) between the angle ω and the energy eigenvalues γ_2j, which form the Hilbert-Pólya space. Fifth, we prove that all the zeros of the partition function of the 2D Ising model M_(FI+SGI)^2D lie on an unit circle in a complex temperature plane (i.e. Fisher zeros), which can be mapped to the zero distribution of the Dirichlet L(s,\c{hi}_k ) function and also the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) in the critical line. In a conclusion, we have proven the closure of the nontrivial zero distribution of the L(s,\c{hi}_k ) function (including the Riemann zeta function ζ(s)).

46 pages, 0 figure, mathematical rigor is improved

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