Extended symmetry of higher Painlevé equations of even periodicity and their rational solutions

Abstract

The structure of extended affine Weyl symmetry group of higher Painlevé equations of $N$ periodicity depends on whether $N$ is even or odd. We find that for even $N$, the symmetry group ${\hat{A}}_{N-1}^{(1)}$ contains the conventional Bäcklund transformations $s_j,j=1,\dots ,N$, the group of automorphisms consisting of cycling permutations but also reflections on a periodic circle of $N$ points, which is a novel feature uncovered in this paper. The presence of reflection automorphisms is connected to existence of degenerated solutions and for $N=4$ we explicitly show how the reflection automorphisms around even points cause degeneracy of a class of rational solutions obtained on the orbit of translation operators of ${\hat{A}}_3^{(1)}$. We obtain the closed expressions for solutions and their degenerated counterparts in terms of determinants of Kummer polynomials.

26 pages

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