How essential is a spanning surface?

Abstract

We introduce new numerical invariants of a spanning surface $F\subset S^3$, called the \emph{algebraic essence} and \emph{geometric essence} of $F$, which measure how far $F$ is from being compressible. We extend a theorem of Ozawa by showing that algebraic essence behaves well under Murasugi sum. We also introduce a ``twisted'' generalization of Murasugi sum and use it to compute algebraic and geometric essence for many examples, including checkerboard surfaces from reduced alternating diagrams. Finally, we extend all of these results to Murasugi sums and twisted Murasugi sums of spanning surfaces in arbitrary 3-manifolds.

arXiv comment22 pages, 19 figures. Part of the earlier version is now in a separate paper, "How natural of a geometric operation is Murasugi sum?" Comments welcome!