Dark Dwarfs: Dark Matter-Powered Sub-Stellar Objects Awaiting Discovery at the Galactic Center

Abstract

We investigate the effects of dark matter annihilation on objects with masses close to the sub-stellar limit, finding that the minimum mass for stable hydrogen burning is larger than the $\sim 0.075M_{\odot }$ value predicted in the Standard Model. Below this limit, cooling brown dwarfs evolve into stable dark matter-powered objects that we name dark dwarfs. The timescale of this transition depends on the ambient dark matter density ${\rho }_{\mathrm{DM}}$ and circular velocity $v_{\mathrm{DM}}$ but is independent of the dark matter mass. We predict a population of dark dwarfs close to the galactic center, where the dark matter density is expected to be ${\rho }_{\mathrm{DM}}\gtrsim 10^3$ GeV/cm${}^3$. At larger galactic radii the dark matter density is too low for these objects to have yet formed within the age of the universe. Dark dwarfs retain their initial lithium-7 in mass ranges where brown/red dwarfs would destroy it, providing a method for detecting them.

DC+3JS. Matches version published in JCAP. Results can be reproduced using code provided at https://zenodo.org/records/13141908

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