Convex roofs witnessing Kirkwood-Dirac nonpositivity

Abstract

Given two observables $A$ and $B$, one can associate to every quantum state a Kirkwood-Dirac (KD) quasiprobability distribution. KD distributions are like joint classical probabilities except that they can have negative or nonreal values, which are associated to nonclassical features of the state. In the last decade, KD distributions have come to the forefront as a versatile tool to investigate and construct quantum advantages and nonclassical phenomena. KD distributions are also used to determine quantum-classical boundaries. To do so, one must have witnesses for when a state is KD nonpositive. Previous works have established a relation between the uncertainty of a pure state with respect to the eigenbases of $A$ and $B$ and KD positivity. If this $\text{support uncertainty}$ is large, the state cannot be KD positive. Here, we construct two witnesses for KD nonpositivity for general mixed states. Our first witness is the convex roof of the support uncertainty; it is not faithful, but it extends to the convex hull of pure KD-positive states the relation between KD positivity and small support uncertainty. Our other witness is the convex roof of the total KD nonpositivity, which provides a faithful witness for the convex hull of the pure KD-positive states. This implies that the convex roof of the total nonpositivity captures the nonpositive nature of the KD distribution at the underlying pure state level.

arXiv comment16 pages, 2 figures

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• Hermitian Kirkwood-Dirac real operators for discrete Fourier transformations
• Almost no experiments have classical Kirkwood-Dirac representations