Delineating Half-Integrality of the Erdős-Pósa Property for Minors: the Case of Surfaces

Abstract

In 1986 Robertson and Seymour proved a generalization of the seminal result of Erdős and Pósa on the duality of packing and covering cycles: A graph has the Erdős-Pósa property for minors if and only if it is planar. In particular, for every non-planar graph $H$ they gave examples showing that the Erdős-Pósa property does not hold for $H.$ Recently, Liu confirmed a conjecture of Thomas and showed that every graph has the half-integral Erdős-Pósa property for minors. Liu's proof is non-constructive and to this date, with the exception of a small number of examples, no constructive proof is known. In this paper, we initiate the delineation of the half-integrality of the Erdős-Pósa property for minors. We conjecture that for every graph $H,$ there exists a unique (up to a suitable equivalence relation) graph parameter ${\text{EP}}_H$ such that $H$ has the Erdős-Pósa property in a minor-closed graph class $\mathcal{G}$ if and only if $\sup \{{\text{EP}}_H(G)\mid G\in \mathcal{G}\}$ is finite. We prove this conjecture for the class $\mathcal{H}$ of Kuratowski-connected shallow-vortex minors by showing that, for every non-planar $H\in \mathcal{H},$ the parameter ${\mathsf{EP}}_H(G)$ is precisely the maximum order of a Robertson-Seymour counterexample to the Erdős-Pósa property of $H$ which can be found as a minor in $G.$ Our results are constructive and imply, for the first time, parameterized algorithms that find either a packing, or a cover, or one of the Robertson-Seymour counterexamples, certifying the existence of a half-integral packing for the graphs in $\mathcal{H}.$