Nonlinear Stability of Relative Equilibria in the Planar $N$-Vortex Problem with Non-Zero Total Circulation

Abstract

We prove a sufficient condition for nonlinear stability of relative equilibria in the planar $N$-vortex problem with non-zero total circulation; the stability is in the sense of Lyapunov to perturbations that preserve the momentum map. Using the condition, we also prove nonlinear stability of some known relative equilibria beyond the ranges of parameters that were previously known to be stable. Our result builds on our previous work on the Hamiltonian formulation of its relative dynamics as a Lie--Poisson system. The relative dynamics recasts the relative equilibria of the $N$-vortex problem as fixed points in the Lie--Poisson relative dynamics. We analyze the stability of such fixed points by exploiting the Hamiltonian formulation as well as invariants and constraints that naturally arise in the relative dynamics. We apply the method to the rhombus equilibria with two vortices of circulation 1 and the other two of circulation $\gamma$, and prove that they are stable for $-2+\sqrt{3}<\gamma <0$, which were previously known to be only linearly stable due to Roberts.

21 pages, 5 figures