Digraphs in which every $t$ vertices share exactly $\lambda$ out-neighbors and exactly $\lambda$ in-neighbors

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of two-way $(t,\lambda )$-liking digraphs as a way to extend the results for generalized friendship graphs. A two-way $(t,\lambda )$-liking digraph is a digraph in which every $t$ vertices have exactly $\lambda$ common out-neighbors and $\lambda$ common in-neighbors. We first show that if $\lambda \ge 2$, then a two-way $(2,\lambda )$-liking digraph of order $n$ is $k$-diregular for a positive integer $k$ satisfying the equation $(n-1)\lambda =k(k-1)$. This result is comparable to the result by Bose and Shrikhande in 1969 and actually extends it. Another main result is that if $t\ge 3$, then the complete digraph on $t+\lambda$ vertices is the only two-way $(t,\lambda )$-liking digraph. This result can stand up to the result by Carstens and Kruse in 1977 and essentially extends it. In addition, we find that two-way $(t,\lambda )$-liking digraphs are closely linked to symmetric block designs and extend some existing results of $(t,\lambda )$-liking digraphs.