Atmospheric muons and their variations with temperature

Abstract

Seasonal variations of atmospheric muons are traditionally interpreted in terms of an effective temperature that relates the atmospheric temperature profile at a given time to the dependence of muon production on atmospheric depth. This paper aims to review and generalize the treatment of muon production and effective temperature that has been used to interpret seasonal variations of atmospheric muons by many experiments. The formalism is developed both in integral form -- for application to compact detectors at a fixed depth that record all muons with $E_{\mu }>E_{\mu }^{\min }$ -- and in differential form -- for application to extended detectors like IceCube, KM3NeT, and Baikal-GVD, where the rates are proportional to energy-dependent effective areas.

14 pages, 15 figures

References in corpus (4)

• Observation of muon intensity variations by season with the MINOS Near Detector
• Observation of seasonal variation of atmospheric multiple-muon events in the MINOS Near and Far Detectors
• Fluxes of Atmospheric Leptons at 600 GeV - 60 TeV
• Profiles of energetic muons in the atmosphere

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Observation of Cosmic-Ray Anisotropy in the Southern Hemisphere with 12 yr of Data Collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Cosmogenic Muon Background Characterization for the Colorado Underground Research Institute (CURIE)
• Seasonal Variations of the Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Spectrum measured with IceCube
• Cosmic Rays: High Energy Particle Interactions in the Atmosphere -- Memorial Issue for Prof. Dr. Thomas K. Gaisser (Editorial)