$q$-Chromatic polynomials

Abstract

We study a $q$-version of the chromatic polynomial of a given graph $G=(V,E)$, namely, \[ χ_G^λ(q,n) \ := \sum_{\substack{\text{proper colorings}\\ c\,:\,V\to[n]}} q^{ \sum_{ v \in V } λ_v c(v) }, \] where $\hat{I}»\in {\mathbb{Z}}_{>0}^V$ is a fixed linear form. Via work of Chapoton (2016) on $q$-Ehrhart polynomials, $\ddot{I}{‡}_G^{\hat{I}}»(q,n)$ turns out to be a polynomial in the $q$-integer $[n{]}_q$, with coefficients that are rational functions in $q$. Additionally, we prove structural results for $\ddot{I}{‡}_G^{\hat{I}}»(q,n)$ and exhibit connections to neighboring concepts, e.g., chromatic symmetric functions and the arithmetic of order polytopes. We offer a strengthened version of Stanley's conjecture that the chromatic symmetric function distinguishes trees, which leads to an analogue of $P$-partitions for graphs.

1 pages, 2 tables