Gap distribution of $\sqrt{n}\mathrm{mod}1$ and the circle method

Abstract

The distribution of the properly renormalized gaps of $\sqrt{n}\mathrm{mod}1$ with $n<N$ converges (when $N\to \infty$) to a non-standard limit distribution, as Elkies and McMullen proved in 2004 using techniques from homogeneous dynamics. In this paper we give an essentially self-contained proof based on the circle method. Our main innovation consists in showing that a new type of correlation functions of $\sqrt{n}\mathrm{mod}1$ converge. To define these correlation functions we restrict, smoothly, to those $\sqrt{n}\mathrm{mod}1$ that lie in minor arcs, i.e. away from rational numbers with small denominators.