Cosmological Time Crystals from Gauss-Bonnet Gravity in Four Dimensions

Abstract

We investigate various cosmological aspects of a 4-Dimensional Gauss-Bonnet Lagrangian, which is integrated into the Einstein Lagrangian with an arbitrary sign, using the Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric. We consider a general potential term, $V(a)$, that depends on the scale factor $a$, and we analyze several scenarios by investigating the critical points of the dynamical equations and stability conditions to understand how the universe's behavior is affected by the Gauss-Bonnet term. Our research suggests that choosing the negative sign, this integration allows for the spontaneous breaking of time reflection symmetry. This can lead to the generation of a bounce universe even with a normal matter sector, marking a significant departure from traditional theories. Furthermore, we examine the possibility of a time-crystal universe, showing that under certain circumstances, the theory might give rise to cyclic universes.

24 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

References in corpus (7)

• On Taking the $D\to 4$ limit of Gauss-Bonnet Gravity: Theory and Solutions
• The 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Theory of Gravity: A Review
• Comment on "Quantum Time Crystals": a new paradigm or just another proposal of perpetuum mobile?
• Global dynamics in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet scalar field cosmology with matter
• On the Lagrangian Holographic Relation at $D\to 2$ and $4$ Limits of Gravity
• Isotropic Expansion of Inhomogeneous Universe
• Observational Feasibility of 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Cosmology: Bouncing and Non-Bouncing Universes

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Observational Feasibility of 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Cosmology: Bouncing and Non-Bouncing Universes
• Cosmology with Higher-Derivative Gravities