Galactic `Snake' IRDC G11.11$-$0.12: a site of multiple hub-filament systems and colliding filamentary clouds

Abstract

To probe star formation processes, we present a multi-scale and multi-wavelength investigation of the `Snake' nebula/infrared dark cloud G11.11$-$0.12 (hereafter, G11; length $\sim$27 pc). Spitzer images hint at the presence of sub-filaments (in absorption), and reveal four infrared-dark hub-filament system (HFS) candidates (extent $<$ 6 pc) toward G11, where massive clumps ($>$ 500 $M_{\odot }$) and protostars are identified. The ${}^{13}$CO(2-1), C${}^{18}$O(2-1), and NH${}_3$(1,1) line data reveal a noticeable velocity oscillation toward G11, as well as its left part (or part-A) around V${}_{lsr}$ of 31.5 km s${}^{-1}$, and its right part (or part-B) around V${}_{lsr}$ of 29.5 km s${}^{-1}$. The common zone of these cloud components is investigated toward the center's G11 housing one HFS. Each cloud component hosts two sub-filaments. In comparison to part-A, more ATLASGAL clumps are observed toward part-B. The JWST near-infrared images discover one infrared-dark HFS candidate (extent $\sim$0.55 pc) around the massive protostar G11P1 (i.e., G11P1-HFS). Hence, the infrared observations reveal multiple infrared-dark HFS candidates at multi-scale in G11. The ALMA 1.16 mm continuum map shows multiple finger-like features (extent $\sim$3500-10000 AU) surrounding a dusty envelope-like feature (extent $\sim$18000 AU) toward the central hub of G11P1-HFS. Signatures of forming massive stars are found toward the center of the envelope-like feature. The ALMA H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ line data show two cloud components with a velocity separation of $\sim$2 km s${}^{-1}$ toward G11P1. Overall, the collision process, the ``fray and fragment'' mechanism, and the ``global non-isotropic collapse'' scenario seem to be operational in G11.

20 pages, 13 figures, 3 Tables, Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) Journal