Klein-bottle quadrupole insulators and Dirac semimetals

Abstract

The Benalcazar-Bernevig-Hughes (BBH) quadrupole insulator model is a cornerstone model for higher-order topological phases. It requires π-flux threading through each plaquette of the two-dimensional Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. Recent studies showed that particular π-flux patterns can modify the fundamental domain of momentum space from the shape of a torus to a Klein bottle with emerging topological phases. By designing different π-flux patterns, we propose two types of Klein-bottle BBH models. These models show rich topological phases, including Klein-bottle quadrupole insulators and Dirac semimetals. The phase with nontrivial Klein-bottle topology shows twined edge modes at open boundaries. These edge modes can further support second-order topology, yielding a quadrupole insulator. Remarkably, both models are robust against flux perturbations. Moreover, we show that different π-flux patterns dramatically affect the phase diagram of the Klein-bottle BBH models. Going beyond the original BBH model, Dirac semimetal phases emerge in Klein-bottle BBH models featured by the coexistence of twined edge modes and bulk Dirac points.

arXiv comment11 pages, 11 figures

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• Floating Edge Bands in the Bernevig-Hughes-Zhang model with Altermagnetism
• Projective symmetry determined topology in flux Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model
• Quantized crystalline-electromagnetic responses in insulators
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