Map Reconstruction of radio observations with Conditional Invertible Neural Networks

Abstract

In radio astronomy, the challenge of reconstructing a sky map from time ordered data (TOD) is known as an inverse problem. Standard map-making techniques and gridding algorithms are commonly employed to address this problem, each offering its own benefits such as producing minimum-variance maps. However, these approaches also carry limitations such as computational inefficiency and numerical instability in map-making and the inability to remove beam effects in grid-based methods. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a novel solution through the use of the conditional invertible neural network (cINN) for efficient sky map reconstruction. With the aid of forward modeling, where the simulated TODs are generated from a given sky model with a specific observation, the trained neural network can produce accurate reconstructed sky maps. Using the five-hundred-meter aperture spherical radio telescope (FAST) as an example, cINN demonstrates remarkable performance in map reconstruction from simulated TODs, achieving a mean squared error of $2.29\pm 2.14\times 10^{-4}{\mathrm{K}}^2$, a structural similarity index of $0.968\pm 0.002$, and a peak signal-to-noise ratio of $26.13\pm 5.22$ at the $1\sigma$ level. Furthermore, by sampling in the latent space of cINN, the reconstruction errors for each pixel can be accurately quantified.

arXiv commentAccepted for publication in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics (RAA); 20 pages, 10 figures

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