Propagation of very-high-energy ${\hat{I}}^3$-rays from distant blazars

Abstract

We re-derive the possible dependence of the redshift with very high energy (VHE) ${\hat{I}}^3$-ray photon index. The results suggest that the universe to VHE ${\hat{I}}^3$-rays is becoming more transparent than usually expected. We introduce the extragalactic background light (EBL) plus the photon to axion-like particle (ALP) oscillations to explain this phenomenon. We concentrate our analysis on 70 blazars up to redshift $z\simeq 1$. Assuming this correlation is solely the result of photon-photon absorption of VHE photons with the EBL, which finds the deviations between the predictions and observations, especially at redshifts $0.2<z<1$. We then discuss the implications of photon-ALP oscillations for the VHE ${\hat{I}}^3$-ray spectra of blazars. A strong evidence shows that: 1) the EBL attenuation results that the VHE ${\hat{I}}^3$-ray photon index increases non-linearly at the ranges of redshift, $0.03<z<0.2$; 2) the photon-ALP oscillation results in a attractive characteristic in the VHE ${\hat{I}}^3$-ray photon index at the ranges of redshift, $0.2<z<1$. We suggest that both the EBL absorption and photon-ALP oscillation can influence on the propagation of VHE ${\hat{I}}^3$-rays from distant blazars.

Accepted for publication in ApJ, 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table