The Quantum Measurement Spintronic Engine: Using Entanglement to Harvest Vacuum Fluctuations

Abstract

Quantum fluctuations, which result from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, explain a number of physical observations, from the finite mass of elementary particles to the Lamb shift in hydrogen and the Casimir effect. The local violation of the conservation of energy raises the question of whether the energy of quantum fluctuations can sustain the cycle of a quantum engine. So far, a proposal has hinted that this is possible, but contains important caveats. In this Letter, we predict that quantum fluctuations can power an autonomous spintronic quantum information engine by converting entanglement energy into useful electrical work. Our two-stroke engine operates on two entangled spin quantum dots (QDs) that are connected in series with two fully spin-polarized baths. The ultrafast measurement stroke breaks the entanglement, thereby energizing the system on average. This energy is released into the leads as electrical current when the thermalizing stroke equilibrates the QDs with the electrode baths. Using a master equation approach, we analytically demonstrate the efficiency of the quantum fluctuation-driven engine, and we study the cycle numerically to gain insight into the relevant parameters to maximize power. Our results suggest that quantum fluctuations and the measurement back-action alone cannot explain prior experimental results. Measuring the spin dynamics of the engine's ferromagnetic electrodes should help determine its efficiency. This electronically driven feedback on quantum entanglement should also boost quantum chemistry, biology and cognition.

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