A Superluminous Supernova Lightened by Collisions with Pulsational Pair-instability Shells

Abstract

Superluminous supernovae are among the most energetic stellar explosions in the Universe, but their energy sources remain an open question. Here we present long-term observations of one of the closest examples of the hydrogen-poor subclass (SLSNe-I), SN~2017egm, revealing the most complicated known luminosity evolution of SLSNe-I. Three distinct post-peak bumps were recorded in its light curve collected at about $100$--350\,days after maximum brightness, challenging current popular power models such as magnetar, fallback accretion, and interaction between ejecta and a circumstellar shell. However, the complex light curve can be well modelled by successive interactions with multiple circumstellar shells with a total mass of about $6.8$--7.7\,M${}_{\odot }$. In this scenario, large energy deposition from interaction-induced reverse shocks results in ionization of neutral oxygen in the supernova ejecta and hence a much lower nebular-phase line ratio of [O\,\textsc{i}] $\lambda 6300$/([Ca\,\textsc{ii}] + [O\,\textsc{ii}]) $\lambda 7300$ ($\sim 0.2$) compared with that derived for other superluminous and normal stripped-envelope SNe. The pre-existing multiple shells indicate that the progenitor of SN~2017egm experienced pulsational mass ejections triggered by pair instability within 2 years before explosion, in robust agreement with theoretical predictions for a pre-pulsation helium-core mass of 48--51\,M${}_{\odot }$. Finally, this work shows that the final explosion product may be a black hole with about 40\,M${}_{\odot }$, and has significant implication for the formation of such heavy black holes that have been recently observed by LIGO-Virgo gravitational wave detectors.

34 pages, 13 figures, 6 tables