Quantum Error Correction from Complexity in Brownian SYK

Abstract

We study the robustness of quantum error correction in a one-parameter ensemble of codes generated by the Brownian SYK model, where the parameter quantifies the encoding complexity. The robustness of error correction by a quantum code is upper bounded by the "mutual purity" of a certain entangled state between the code subspace and environment in the isometric extension of the error channel, where the mutual purity of a density matrix ${\rho }_{AB}$ is the difference ${\mathcal{F}}_{\rho }(A:B)\equiv \mathrm{Tr}{\rho }_{AB}^2-\mathrm{Tr}{\rho }_A^2\mathrm{Tr}{\rho }_B^2$. We show that when the encoding complexity is small, the mutual purity is $O(1)$ for the erasure of a small number of qubits (i.e., the encoding is fragile). However, this quantity decays exponentially, becoming $O(1/N)$ for $O(\log N)$ encoding complexity. Further, at polynomial encoding complexity, the mutual purity saturates to a plateau of $O(e^{-N})$. We also find a hierarchy of complexity scales associated to a tower of subleading contributions to the mutual purity that quantitatively, but not qualitatively, adjust our error correction bound as encoding complexity increases. In the AdS/CFT context, our results suggest that any portion of the entanglement wedge of a general boundary subregion $A$ with sufficiently high encoding complexity is robustly protected against low-rank errors acting on $A$ with no prior access to the encoding map. From the bulk point of view, we expect such bulk degrees of freedom to be causally inaccessible from the region $A$ despite being encoded in it.

40+14 pages, 8 figures

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• On the stabilizer complexity of Hawking radiation
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