Aspects of ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ rank-2 gauge theory in $(2+1)$ dimensions: construction schemes, holonomies, and sublattice one-form symmetries

Abstract

Rank-2 toric code (R2TC), a prototypical archetype of the discrete rank-2 symmetric gauge theory, has properties that differ from those of the standard toric code. Specifically, it features a blending of UV and IR in its ground state, restricted mobility of its quasiparticles, and variations in the braiding statistics of its quasiparticles based on their position. In this paper, we investigate various aspects of ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ rank-2 gauge theory in $(2+1)$-dimensional spacetime. Firstly, we demonstrate that $U(1)$ rank-2 gauge theory can arise from $U(1)\times U(1)$ rank-1 gauge theory after condensing the gauge charges in a specific way. This construction scheme of $U(1)$ rank-2 gauge theory carries over to the ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$ case simply by Higgsing $U(1)$ to ${\mathbb{Z}}_N$, after which the resulting rank-2 gauge theory can be tuned to the R2TC. The holonomy operators of R2TC are readily identified using this scheme and are given clear physical interpretation as the pair creation/annihilation of various monopoles and dipoles. Explicit tensor network construction of the ground states of R2TC are given as two copies of the ground states of Kitaev's toric code that are `sewn together' according to the condensation scheme. In addition, through a similar anyon condensation protocol, we present a double semion version of rank-2 toric code whose flux excitations exhibit restricted mobility and semionic statistics. Finally, we identify the generalized discrete symmetries of the R2TC, which are much more complex than typical 1-form symmetries. They include conventional and unconventional 1-form symmetries, such as framed 1-form symmetries and what we call sublattice 1-form symmetries. Using these, we interpret the R2TC's unique properties (UV/IR mixing, position-dependent braiding, etc.) from the modern perspective of generalized spontaneous symmetry breaking and 't Hooft anomalies.

26 pages, 14 figures, one append section

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• Generalized symmetries in singularity-free nonlinear $\sigma$ models and their disordered phases
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• Unveiling UV/IR Mixing via Symmetry Defects: A View from Topological Entanglement Entropy
• Generalized Landau Paradigm for quantum phases and phase transitions
• Generalized Modulated Symmetries in ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ Topological Ordered Phases
• Entanglement entropy of higher rank topological phases
• Gauging Modulated Symmetries via Multiple Gauge Symmetry Operators and Adaptive Quantum Circuits
• Spacetime symmetry-enriched SymTFT: from LSM anomalies to modulated symmetries and beyond