Values of binary partition function represented by a sum of three squares

Abstract

Let $m$ be a positive integer and $b_m(n)$ be the number of partitions of $n$ with parts being powers of 2, where each part can take $m$ colors. We show that if $m=2^k-1$, then there exists the natural density of integers $n$ such that $b_m(n)$ can not be represented as a sum of three squares and it is equal to $1/12$ for $k=1,2$ and $1/6$ for $k\ge 3$. In particular, for $m=1$ the equation $b_1(n)=x^2+y^2+z^2$ has a solution in integers if and only if $n$ is not of the form $2^{2k+2}(8s+2t_s+3)+i$ for $i=0,1$ and $k,s$ are non-negative integers, and where $t_n$ is the $n$th term in the Prouhet-Thue-Morse sequence. A similar characterization is obtained for the solutions in $n$ of the equation $b_{2^k-1}(n)=x^2+y^2+z^2$.

24 pages, 4 figures