Big Ramsey Degrees in Ultraproducts of Finite Structures

Abstract

We develop a transfer principle of structural Ramsey theory from finite structures to ultraproducts. We show that under certain mild conditions, when a class of finite structures has finite small Ramsey degrees, under the (Generalized) Continuum Hypothesis the ultraproduct has finite big Ramsey degrees for internal colorings. The necessity of restricting to internal colorings is demonstrated by the example of the ultraproduct of finite linear orders. Under CH, this ultraproduct $\fLL^*$ has, as a spine, ${\eta }_1$, an uncountable analogue of the order type of rationals $\eta$. Finite big Ramsey degrees for $\eta$ were exactly calculated by Devlin in \cite{Devlin}. It is immediate from \cite{Tod87} that ${\eta }_1$ fails to have finite big Ramsey degrees. Moreover, we extend Devlin's coloring to ${\eta }_1$ to show that it witnesses big Ramsey degrees of finite tuples in $\eta$ on every copy of $\eta$ in ${\eta }_1,$ and consequently in $\fLL^*$. This work gives additional confirmation that ultraproducts are a suitable environment for studying Ramsey properties of finite and infinite structures.

This is the final authors' version. The first 37 pages correspond to the the journal version, the last 5 pages are an additional argument added 02/12/2025, in which we give the proof of the first sentence of Section 6 (not given in the original paper) and acknowledge the contribution of Jouko Väänänen