Kepler-102: Masses and Compositions for a Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Orbiting an Active Star

Abstract

Radial velocity (RV) measurements of transiting multiplanet systems allow us to understand the densities and compositions of planets unlike those in the Solar System. Kepler-102, which consists of 5 tightly packed transiting planets, is a particularly interesting system since it includes a super-Earth (Kepler-102d) and a sub-Neptune-sized planet (Kepler-102e) for which masses can be measured using radial velocities. Previous work found a high density for Kepler-102d, suggesting a composition similar to that of Mercury, while Kepler-102e was found to have a density typical of sub-Neptune size planets; however, Kepler-102 is an active star, which can interfere with RV mass measurements. To better measure the mass of these two planets, we obtained 111 new RVs using Keck/HIRES and TNG/HARPS-N and modeled Kepler-102's activity using quasi-periodic Gaussian Process Regression. For Kepler-102d, we report a mass upper limit of M${}_d<$5.3 M${}_{\oplus }$ [95\% confidence], a best-fit mass of M${}_d$=2.5 $\pm$ 1.4 M${}_{\oplus }$, and a density of $\ddot{I}{}_d$=5.6 $\pm$ 3.2 g/cm${}^3$ which is consistent with a rocky composition similar in density to the Earth. For Kepler-102e we report a mass of M${}_e$=4.7 $\pm$ 1.7 M${}_{\oplus }$ and a density of $\ddot{I}{}_e$=1.8 $\pm$ 0.7 g/cm${}^3$. These measurements suggest that Kepler-102e has a rocky core with a thick gaseous envelope comprising 2-4% of the planet mass and 16-50% of its radius. Our study is yet another demonstration that accounting for stellar activity in stars with clear rotation signals can yield more accurate planet masses, enabling a more realistic interpretation of planet interiors.

Accepted to AJ 11/08/2022