Exploring the phases of 3D artificial spin ice: From Coulomb phase to magnetic monopole crystal
arXiv:2211.04551 · doi:10.1038/s42005-023-01338-2
Abstract
Artificial spin-ices consist of lithographic arrays of single-domain magnetic nanowires organised into frustrated lattices. These geometries are usually two-dimensional, allowing a direct exploration of physics associated with frustration, topology and emergence. Recently, three-dimensional geometries have been realised, in which transport of emergent monopoles can be directly visualised upon the surface. Here we carry out an exploration of the three-dimensional artificial spin-ice phase diagram, whereby dipoles are placed within a diamond-bond lattice geometry. We find a rich phase diagram, consisting of a double-charged monopole crystal, a single-charged monopole crystal and conventional spin-ice with pinch points associated with a Coulomb phase. In our experimental demagnetised systems, broken symmetry forces formation of ferromagnetic stripes upon the surface, a configuration that forbids the formation of the lower energy double-charged monopole crystal. Instead, we observe crystallites of single magnetic charge, superimposed upon an ice background. The crystallites are found to form due to the intricate distribution of magnetic charge around a three-dimensional nanostructured vertex, which locally favours monopole formation. Our work suggests that engineered surface energetics can be used to tune the ground state of experimental three-dimensional ASI systems.
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Cited by in corpus (5)
- Ultrastrong magnon-magnon coupling and chiral spin-texture control in a dipolar 3D multilayered artificial spin-vortex ice
- Magnetic Field Controlled Surface Localization of Spin-Wave Ferromagnetic Resonance Modes in 3D Nanostructures
- Field-induced antiferromagnetic correlations in a nanopatterned van der Waals ferromagnet: a potential artificial spin ice
- Ferromagnetic resonance in 3D-tilted square artificial spin ices
- Topological geometric frustration in a cube-surface artificial spin ice