Light speed variation from GRB 221009A

Abstract

It is postulated in Einstein's relativity that the speed of light in vacuum is a constant for all observers. However, the effect of quantum gravity could bring an energy dependence of light speed, and a series of studies on high-energy photon events from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) suggest a light speed variation $v(E)=c\left(1-E/E_{\mathrm{LV}}\right)$ with $E_{\mathrm{LV}}=3.6\times 10^{17}\mathrm{GeV}$ or a bound $E_{\mathrm{LV}}\ge 3.6\times 10^{17}\mathrm{GeV}$. From the newly observed gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A, we find that a 99.3~GeV photon detected by Fermi-LAT is coincident with the sharp spike in the light curves detected by both Fermi-GBM and HEBS under the above scenario of light speed variation, suggesting an option that this high-energy photon was emitted at the same time as a sharp spike of low-energy photon emission at the GRB source. Thus this highest energy photon event detected by Fermi-LAT during the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts might be considered as an optional signal for the linear form modification of light speed in cosmological space.

5 latex pages, 2 figures, final version

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• Revisiting Tests of Lorentz Invariance with Gamma-ray Bursts: Effects of Intrinsic Lags
• Carpet-3 detection of a photon-like air shower with estimated primary energy above 100 TeV in a spatial and temporal coincidence with GRB 221009A
• Energy-dependent intrinsic time delay of gamma-ray bursts on testing Lorentz invariance violation
• Lorentz Invariance Violation from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Lorentz invariance violation from GRB221009A
• Examining Lorentz invariance violation with three remarkable GRB photons
• Direct evidence for preburst stage of gamma-ray burst from GRB 221009A data
• Carpet-3 300 TeV Photon Event as an Evidence for Lorentz Violation
• Monte Carlo simulation of GRB data to test Lorentz-invariance violation
• Probes for String-Inspired Foam, Lorentz, and CPT Violations in Astrophysics
• TeV afterglow from GRB 221009A: photohadronic origin?
• Constraints to Lorentz violation and ultrahigh-energy electrons in D-foamy space-times
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A