Toroidal flux loss due to flux emergence explains why solar cycles rise differently but decay in a similar way

Abstract

A striking feature of the solar cycle is that at the beginning, sunspots appear around mid-latitudes, and over time the latitudes of emergences migrate towards the equator.The maximum level of activity (e.g., sunspot number) varies from cycle to cycle.For strong cycles, the activity begins early and at higher latitudes with wider sunspot distributions than for weak cycles. The activity and the width of sunspot belts increase rapidly and begin to decline when the belts are still at high latitudes. Surprisingly, it has been reported that in the late stages of the cycle the level of activity (sunspot number) as well as the widths and centers of the butterfly wings all have the same statistical properties independent of how strong the cycle was during its rise and maximum phases.We have modeled these features using a Babcock--Leighton type dynamo model and show that the flux loss through magnetic buoyancy is an essential nonlinearity in the solar dynamo.Our study shows that the nonlinearity is effective if the flux emergence becomes efficient at the mean-field strength of the order of $10^4$~G in the lower part of the convection zone.

Accepted in Phys.Rev.Lett. (PRL)

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• Observation-Based Iterative Map for Solar Cycles. I. Nature of Solar Cycle Variability
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• The rush to the poles and the role of magnetic buoyancy in the solar dynamo
• Can meridional flow variations explain the observed rising/declining phase asymmetry in the solar cycle?