Prethermalization and the local robustness of gapped systems

Abstract

We prove that prethermalization is a generic property of gapped local many-body quantum systems, subjected to small perturbations, in any spatial dimension. More precisely, let $H_0$ be a Hamiltonian, spatially local in $d$ spatial dimensions, with a gap $\Delta$ in the many-body spectrum; let $V$ be a spatially local Hamiltonian consisting of a sum of local terms, each of which is bounded by $\epsilon \ll \Delta$. Then, the approximation that quantum dynamics is restricted to the low-energy subspace of $H_0$ is accurate, in the correlation functions of local operators, for stretched exponential time scale $\tau \sim \exp [(\Delta /\epsilon {)}^a]$ for any $a<1/(2d-1)$. This result does not depend on whether the perturbation closes the gap. It significantly extends previous rigorous results on prethermalization in models where $H_0$ was frustration-free. We infer the robustness of quantum simulation in low-energy subspaces, the existence of athermal ``scarred" correlation functions in gapped systems subject to generic perturbations, the long lifetime of false vacua in symmetry broken systems, and the robustness of quantum information in non-frustration-free gapped phases with topological order.

5+35 pages; 1+4 figures, 1+0 tables. v2: added some results, improved presentation

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• Theory of metastable states in many-body quantum systems
• Heisenberg-limited metrology with perturbing interactions
• The dynamical $\alpha$-Rényi entropies of local Hamiltonians grow at most linearly in time
• Robust Hilbert space fragmentation in group-valued loop models
• Bosonic Quantum Breakdown Hubbard Model
• Dynamical control in a prethermalized molecular ultracold plasma: Local dissipation drives global relaxation
• Lieb-Robinson bounds with exponential-in-volume tails
• Dynamics in the presence of local symmetry-breaking impurities