There is no complete numerical invariant for smooth conjugacy of circle diffeomorphisms

Abstract

Classical results by Poincaré and Denjoy show that two orientation-preserving $C^2$ diffeomorphisms of the circle are topologically conjugate if and only if they have the same rotation number. We show that there is no possibility of getting such a complete numerical Borel invariant for the conjugacy relation of orientation-preserving circle diffeomorphisms by homeomorphisms with higher degree of regularity. For instance, we consider conjugacy by Hölder homeomorphisms or by $C^k$-diffeomorphisms with $k\in {\mathbb{Z}}^{+}\cup \{\infty \}$. The proof combines techniques from Descriptive Set Theory and a quantitative version of the Approximation by Conjugation method for circle diffeomorphisms.

22 pages, 1 figure