Unitarity of Symplectic Fermion in $\alpha$-vacua with Negative Central Charge

Abstract

We study the two-dimensional free symplectic fermion with anti-periodic boundary condition. This model has negative norm states with naive inner product. This negative norm problem can be cured by introducing a new inner product. We demonstrate that this new inner product follows from the connection between the path integral formalism and the operator formalism. This model has negative central charge, $c=-2$, and we clarify how CFT${}_2$ with negative central charge can have the non-negative norm. We introduce $\alpha$-vacua in which the Hamiltonian is seemingly non-Hermitian. In spite of non-Hermiticity we find that the energy spectrum is real. We also compare a correlation function with respect to the $\alpha$-vacua with that of the de Sitter space.

arXiv comment5 pages + appendices; v2: typos corrected, 2 figures added

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