Non-uniqueness in law of the two-dimensional surface quasi-geostrophic equations forced by random noise

Abstract

Via probabilistic convex integration, we prove non-uniqueness in law of the two-dimensional surface quasi-geostrophic equations forced by random noise of additive type. In its proof we work on the equation of the momentum rather than the temperature, which is new in the study of the stochastic surface quasi-geostrophic equations. We also generalize the classical Calder$\acute{\mathrm{o}}$n commutator estimate to the case of fractional Laplacians.