Resolving oxidation states and Sn-halide interactions of perovskites through Auger parameter analysis in XPS

Abstract

Reliable chemical state analysis of Sn semiconductors by XPS is hindered by the marginal observed shift in the Sn 3d region. For hybrid Sn-based perovskites especially, errors associated with charge referencing can easily exceed chemistry-related shifts. Studies based on the modified Auger parameter $\hat{I}{\pm }^{\prime }$ provide a suitable alternative and have been used previously to resolve different chemical states in Sn alloys and oxides. However, the meaningful interpretation of Auger parameter variations on Sn-based perovskite semiconductors requires fundamental studies. In this work, we perform a comprehensive Auger parameter study through systematic compositional variations of Sn halide perovskites. We find that in addition to the oxidation state, $\hat{I}{\pm }^{\prime }$ is highly sensitivity to the composition of the halide-site, inducing shifts of up to $\hat{I}”\hat{I}{\pm }^{\prime }=2eV$ between ASnI${}_3$ and ASnBr${}_3$ type perovskites. The reported dependencies of $\hat{I}{\pm }^{\prime }$ on the Sn oxidation state, coordination and local chemistry provide a framework that enables reliable tracking of degradation as well as X-site interaction for Sn-based perovskites and related compounds. The higher robustness and sensitivity of such studies not only enables more in-depth surface analysis of Sn-based perovskites than previously performed, but also increases reproducibility across laboratories.