The Longest Delay: a 14.5 Yr Campaign to Determine the Third Time Delay in the Lensing Cluster SDSS~J1004+4112

Abstract

We present new light curves for the four bright images of the five image cluster-lensed quasar gravitational lens system SDSS~J1004+4112. The light curves span 14.5 yr and allow measurement of the time delay between the trailing bright quasar image D and the leading image C. When we fit all four light curves simultaneously and combine the models using the Bayes information criterion, we find a time delay of $\Delta t_{DC}=2458.47\pm 1.02$ days (6.73 yr), the longest ever measured for a gravitational lens. For the other two independent time delays we obtain $\Delta t_{BC}=782.20\pm 0.43$ days (2.14 yr) and $\Delta t_{AC}=825.23\pm 0.46$ days (2.26 yr), in agreement with previous results. The information criterion is needed to weight the results for light curve models with different polynomial orders for the intrinsic variability and the effects of differential microlensing. The results using the Akaike information criterion are slightly different, but, in practice, the absolute delay errors are all dominated by the $\sim 4\%$ cosmic variance in the delays rather than the statistical or systematic measurement uncertainties. Despite the lens being a cluster, the quasar images show slow differential variability due to microlensing at the level of a few tenths of a magnitude.

12 pages, 5 figures. ApJ in press

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• COOL-LAMPS III: Discovery of a 25".9 Separation Quasar Lensed by a Merging Galaxy Cluster
• Microlensing of the broad emission line region in the lensed quasar J1004+4112
• A Mass Model for the Lensing Cluster SDSS J1004+4112: Constraints From the Third Time Delay
• Repeated patterns of gamma-ray flares suggest structured jets of blazars as likely neutrino sources
• TDCOSMO XVII. New time delays in 22 lensed quasars from optical monitoring with the ESO-VST 2.6m and MPG 2.2m telescopes
• Effect of the spatial curvature on light bending and time delay in curved Einstein-Straus--de Sitter spacetime
• Parameter free Hubble constant from the quadruply lensed quasar SDSS J1004 + 4112
• Simulating quasar microlensing light curves: High magnification events
• Gravitational lensing of fast radio bursts: prospects for probing microlens populations in lensing galaxies