Splitting fields of $X^n-X-1$ (particularly for $n=5$), prime decomposition and modular forms

Abstract

We study the splitting fields of the family of polynomials $f_n(X)=X^n-X-1$. This family of polynomials has been much studied in the literature and has some remarkable properties. Serre related the function on primes $N_p(f_n)$, for a fixed $n\le 4$ and $p$ a varying prime, which counts the number of roots of $f_n(X)$ in ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ to coefficients of modular forms. We study the case $n=5$, and relate $N_p(f_5)$ to mod $5$ modular forms over $\mathbb{Q}$, and to characteristic 0, parallel weight 1 Hilbert modular forms over $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{19\cdot 151})$.

14 pages, v2: much smaller polynomial thanks to Jürgen Klüners; v3: extended exposition of liftings of projective representations