Block-Parallel Systolic-Array Architecture for 2-D NTT-based Fragile Watermark Embedding
arXiv:2206.01146 · doi:10.1142/S0129626412500090
Abstract
Number-theoretic transforms (NTTs) have been applied in the fragile watermarking of digital images. A block-parallel systolic-array architecture is proposed for watermarking based on the 2-D special Hartley NTT (HNTT). The proposed core employs two 2-D special HNTT hardware cores, each using digital arithmetic over , and processes blocks of pixels in parallel every clock cycle. Prototypes are operational on a Xilinx Sx35-10ff668 FPGA device. The maximum estimated throughput of the FPGA circuit is 100 million HNTT fragile watermarked blocks per second, when clocked at 100 MHz. Potential applications exist in high-traffic back-end servers dealing with large amounts of protected digital images requiring authentication, in remote-sensing for high-security surveillance applications, in real-time video processing of information of a sensitive nature or matters of national security, in video/photographic content management of corporate clients, in authenticating multimedia for the entertainment industry, in the authentication of electronic evidence material, and in real-time news streaming.
11 pages, 4 figures